Essay on Lithium and Bipolar Disorder - 1903 Words

Lithium and Bipolar Disorder INTRODUCTION The drug lithium has been used for a variety of disorders such as gout, diabetes, and epilepsy for over 100 years. It was not until 1949 when John Cade discovered that lithium had a calming effect on guinea pigs that the possibilities of it being used for mania were explored (Paykel, 1992). Since then, lithium has been established as one of the primary treatments for manic depression disorder. In the body of this paper we will explore the chemistry of lithium, the synaptic transmitters involved, the parts of the neuron affected, the inhibitory and excitatory potential changes, the ion channels effected, the physiological changes, the primary behavior changes, the†¦show more content†¦When lithium is combined with other atoms, several useful molecules can be created. For the purposes of this paper we will consider the lithium salts, such as lithium carbonate, lithium citrate, and lithium sulfate. These molecules, among others, are used in psychiatry for the treatment of bipolar I disorder. Lithium carbonate (Li2CO3) has an atomic weight of 73.89, and is the most popular of the lithium salts in use today (Johnson, 1980). It is not clear why this is, as there does not appear to be a significant difference between lithium carbonate and the other lithium salts. For a complete listing of lithium salts currently in use, see table 1. Lithium salts are preferred for medical use because they are soluble in water, whereas natural lithium is found in silicate form and is therefore not water soluble. Lithium salts have a half life of approximately 1830 hours in the body, depending on the weight of the subject (Williams, 1973). ROUTE OF ACCESS Lithium is usually taken orally in pill form, or injected directly into the bloodstream. In pill form, there are normal and time release doses available. Because the margin between a therapeutic dose and a toxic dose (therapeutic index) is so small, the time release form is more popular. In this way, theShow MoreRelatedLithium And Its Effects On Bipolar Disorder1394 Words   |  6 Pages1. Provide a rationale for the use of Lithium Carbonate that Ellen is currently prescribed. Lithium Carbonate is the most commonly drug that is prescribed for treating bipolar disorder (May, Hickey, Triantis, Palazidou, Kyriacou, 2015). It works as a mood stabilizer that significantly reduces excessive behaviors and suicidal tendencies. However, the way that lithium exerts its impact on mood is still unknown. One study suggests that key of lithium therapeutic actions are the neuroprotective effectsRead MoreLithium And Treatment Of Bipolar Disorder1820 Words   |  8 PagesLithium in the Treatment of Bipolar Disorder Bipolar disorder is a serious illness that can upset a person’s entire life if they do not receive proper medical or therapeutic treatment to manage the presenting symptoms. Bipolar disorder includes an array of moods that can range from extreme highs (mania, hypomania) and extreme lows (bipolar depression) that can be treated by medication. One medication that works well in treating the highs and lows, while preventing further mood upsets is lithiumRead MoreLithium in the Treatment of Bipolar I Disorder1815 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿ Introduction Lithium is the medication most extensively used to treat the mania and depression of Bipolar I. However, due to the high incidence of inadequate preventive response, as well as a host of undesirable side effects and a narrow therapeutic index, health care providers have sought other mood stabilizing medications for either monotherapy or use with Lithium. One such medication is Carbamazepine, used either in monotherapy or in combination with other medications. While pharmacotherapyRead MoreLithium And Treatment Of Bipolar Affective Disorder1170 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction Lithium is a mood-stabilizing drug that has been used effectively in the treatment of bipolar affective disorder for many years, and increasing evidence suggests its effectiveness in reducing the risk of suicide ( Sugawara, N.,Yasul-Furukori, N., Ishil, N., Iwata, N., Terao, T.2013). There are different ways lithium can be useful to everybody in a different ways. Lithium carbonate is a type of medication used to treat manic depression and bipolar. Another uses of lithium that is veryRead MoreEssay on The Efficacy of Lithium in Treating Bipolar Disorder2065 Words   |  9 PagesEfficacy of Lithium in Treating Bipolar Disorder Lithium is a psychotropic drug that became available in 1970 as a mood stabilizing medication for the long-term treatment of bipolar disorder. It has been shown to reduce the frequency and severity of manic states, as well as the depression that is concomitant with bipolar disorder. Much research has been done in the short duration of lithiums employment to evaluate its efficacy and side effects. As stated above, Lithium stabilizesRead MoreLithium Carbonate And The Treatment Of Manic Episodes Associated With Bipolar Disorder1260 Words   |  6 Pages1. Lithobid also known as lithium carbonate is used for the treatment of manic episodes associated with Bipolar Disorder. Each extended release tablet contains 300mg of lithium carbonate. Due to its formulation, the lithium carbonate is slowly released into the bloodstream over a period of time with the ultimate goal of reaching serum concentrations between 1.0 and 1.5 mEq/L. It is important to understand the drug formulation because if toxicity occurs, activated charcoal will not bind to an ionicRead MoreBipolar Dissorder: A Brief Summary Essay1724 Words   |  7 PagesThe event of bipolar disorder has been a mystery since the 16th century. Records have shown that this problem can appear in almost anyone. It is clear that in our social world many people live with bipolar disorder. Regardless of the number of people suffering fr om the disease, we are still waiting for an explanation regarding the causes and cure. One fact of which we are aware, is that bipolar disorder severely undermines its’ victims ability to obtain and maintain social and occupational successRead MoreBipolar Disorder : A Serious Mental Condition1174 Words   |  5 Pages Bipolar Disorder Bipolar disorder (BPD) is known to be a serious mental condition. Bipolar disorder is also classified as manic-depressive disorder. It is characterized as malfunction with the brain by mood changes that includes a persistent increasing activity or energy levels. This serious condition is first diagnosed in young adults or adolescence. Diagnosis Bipolar disease is first diagnosed in young adulthood or adolescence. Diagnosis is said to be obvious, when the patient is showing floridRead MoreEssay on Bipolar Disorder1556 Words   |  7 PagesBipolar Disorder The aspect of bipolar disorder has been a mystery since the 16th century. It was rumored that Vincent Van Gough suffered from bipolar disorder. There is a large group of people suffering from this disorder, however there are no causes or cures for it. Bipolar disorder impairs one’s ability to obtain and sustain social and occupational success. The journey for even a cause will continue for many years to come. Affective disorders are characterized by a depressedRead MoreBipolar Disorder Essay844 Words   |  4 PagesBipolar disorder also known as manic depression has always been a mystery since the 16th century. History has shown that it can appear in almost everyone. Bipolar disorder causes mood swings in energy, thinking, and other behavior. Having a bipolar disorder can be very disabling (Kapczinski). A study was evaluated and about 1.3% of the U.S population of people suffers from bipolar disorder. Stressors and environmental influences can trigger and cause a person to go through numerous episodes. Bipolar

Consumer Privacy Companies Woo Business Companies - 932 Words

The article, found in The Wall Street Journal, â€Å"Consumer-Privacy Companies Woo Business Companies† by Elizabeth Dwoskin, gives us a brief overlook at how more products are aiming toward the protection of consumers’ privacy. On March 2nd, Silent Circle announced the release of their Blackphone as an enterprise product. The Blackphone is an android phone announced last year that aims at giving its consumers total privacy. It accomplishes this by encrypting all data stored by voice or text message. Additionally calls and data are sent through virtual private networks not through the Internet. In doing so it grants ultimate protection for the user by insuring that no information can get hacked into because it has never been connected to the Internet. Although this product was already released last year, this year the company is pursuing businesses to use it as solely a company-use phone. With about 40% of people using their personal phones for business, major companie s are put at risk of losing significant information. Silent Circle’s products are able to give ease to this possibility. Over recent years, consumers have been putting a greater emphasis on online privacy. An increasing amount of users are purchasing privacy-protecting programs designed to protect personal information stored in computers. With recent hacks to major companies, businesses are also increasing their cyber security. Experts predict that the spending on cyber security product will increase to $83.2Show MoreRelatedEthics in Technology Essay1555 Words   |  7 Pages participate in business transactions, and get current news. Different tasks require unique technological feature in computer technology to function properly. Although, unique technological features increase people’s proficiency in accomplishing various tasks, unique technological features in computer and cyber technology increase security vulnerabilities. In many cases, the security vulnerabilit ies in computer technology are exploited by cybercriminals to invade people’s privacy, and steal people’sRead MoreSocial Networking : An Overview3990 Words   |  16 Pagesamongst other barriers. (Boyd). Most of these services are online and allows one to break down physical barriers at the cost of exposing oneself online be it for good or for bad. The exposure and loss of privacy is very great and it could be argued that it may well be a purposeful loss of privacy as people take this risk with little thought. SOCIAL NETWORKING: AN OVERVIEW Social Networking, in depth, typically has the following features: the ability to create a public or semi-public profile, makeRead MoreStructure Of The Research: .Definition Of Brand Trust1494 Words   |  6 Pages Structure of the research: Definition of brand trust; Reasons for low brand trust in the marketing channels. What is brand misconduct according to the consumers? Brand equity’s and brand credibility’s role in building and maintaining brand trust; Negative publicity ; Reputational capital; Conclusion; Definition of brand trust: The human beings naturally seek fellows to trust, moreover the trust is the only bridge toward building any kind of relationship. The definition of trust, accordingRead MoreIn This Technology Era, It Is Essential To Have A Web Presence1476 Words   |  6 Pagesaccess to the clients. One of the services that is prominent is E-commerce, allowing the business to have a web frontend, which provides the same services as traditional commerce world. The rapid changing technology had provided the opportunity for the companies to reach to a wide variety of consumers not just across the nation but also throughout the world. Based on the observation of how a small-sized business can reach more clients spread across the world, one of the high achiever’s path was toRead MoreVirtualization Technologies : Mobile Virtualization3571 Words   |  15 Pagesshould be a gap in the use of mobile systems for personal and work use due to required enterprise security policies, privacy concerns also freedom of use. Therefore, due to security, portability, connectivity, low power, platform independent, integrated environment issues and policies imposed by the enterprise in using the same device for dual purpose (personal and enterprise), the consumers often lose their individual freedom of using mobile phone for personal work like receiving messages over internetRead MoreHow Technology Has Changed Us Businesses3120 Words   |  13 Pagesthe way supply chain management is conducted now or online retailing and marketing. Online retailing is wider or newer form of retailing. So we can define it as ‘sale of g oods and services using through Internet. ‘It can be said as B2C business model where business sells goods to final customers through Internet. B2C model using Internet can be of two types: †¢ Pure play for example Amazon.com, which do not have any physical stores but trades only through Internet. †¢ Brick and clicks: These are thoseRead MoreAdvertising to Youth2683 Words   |  11 Pagesworld of consumerism and advertising, companies are constantly looking for new ways to sell their products to youth by making their commercials and campaigns more memorable than the competition; thus having to reinvent themselves. The youth generation has become the prime target because they have more spending power than ever before; because of more disposabel income, and increased avenues at their disposal in which to spend their money. Therefore companies spend an enormous amount of money on advertisementRead MoreThe Use and Abuse of Credit Cards3360 Words   |  13 Pagessatisfying wide range of customers personal and durable product needs. With today’s fast lifestyles, retail shopper have demanded efficiency and flexibility in financial transactions through the use of cashless payment. Cards are certainly important for consumers and retailers because using checks or holding cash often more time consuming compare to retail oriented electronic payment technology.Therefore Lo and Harvey(2011), implies that availability of cards permits compulsive shoppers to satisfy desiresRead MoreEffective Understanding of Cultural Differences Will Be Key to Successful Business Operations in the 21st Century. Discuss This Statement Using Examples from Two Sectors.4254 Words   |  18 Pagescultural differences will be key to successful business operations in the 21st century. Discuss this statement using examples from two sectors. Abstract Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate why it is essential to understand cultural differences to achieve success in the 21st century. The paper focuses on the adaptations that different industries are incorporating into their business practices to meet the needs of the global consumer. In particular, the paper attempts to addressRead MoreHrm - Sony Corporation6440 Words   |  26 Pagesthrives thoroughly on technology and progression itself, there are many companies that have taken advantage of the opportunities that have been offered to them through science. Because of the continuous growth in technology, companies have been able to find ways to further their success by offering competitive products and service. One company, in particular, that has taken full advantage of this feature is Sony. This company alone has had tremendous success because of their strategic ways of thinking

Different Americas free essay sample

Stubby fingers clumsily fiddled with the top button of a navy-blue Oxford shirt. Once this  ­formidable task was accomplished, I grabbed my Spider-Man book bag and left my room. Following my daily routine, I headed toward the front door only to have my fathers stern voice call me into the kitchen. Recognizing his sense of urgency, I quickly looked in the mirror to avoid potential trouble. However, despite my untucked shirt tail, the trouble ranged far beyond the safe walls of my home. Hot bullets of an assault rifle had shattered my daily routine. The gang violence that infested my city had claimed another friend, my long-time teacher, Mr. Salinas. Homicide, even as a child, plagued my life as a inevitable fate for random members of my community. Free time allowed me to enjoy my favorite pastime, roller blading! The 10 by 8 foot charcoal-gray slab in my backyard became my sanctuary in the midst of the violence. We will write a custom essay sample on Different Americas or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Its pleasures were all I knew when it came to skating. This coddled reality was as real to me as the shadows were to the chained-men in Platos Cave allegory: the limited freedom of my childhood was all I thought existed. The ninety-seven percent Hispanic population in my middle and high school provided a buffet of potential gang members for the cartels. The juvenile gang violence, in Laredo, Texas, transcends even the most  ­astonishing national  ­averages. Unfortunately, for those entering the South Texas schools, the options are to conform or face physical abuse. Confronted with these options, my family made the fiscally daunting decision to enroll me in a private school in Virginia. My move to the East Coast transformed America into the beautiful and free country I heard about during late-night news broadcasts. This calm  ­allowed me to go out in public without fear and eventually I stumbled upon a local roller rink in town. As I entered, a comfortable milieu and racks of glistening roller blades filled me with an electric energy that I had not felt since the slab back home in Texas. Excited to experience the rink, I laced my skates and took to the glossy floor. The expansive rink filled me with a sense of liberation and freedom, so foreign to me. Catching sight of a television caused my skates to squeak furiously to a halt. I stared off at the television in a foggy daze as fellow roller bladers flew past. Rentals and refreshments continued to be sold as I witnessed the police reports of a homicide about a quarter of a mile from my former elementary school. Distance cannot quell the horrific memories of the cruelty taking place on the border. New schools and faces cannot change the experiences that form my identity. The placid life experienced in Virginia will not change the tyranny of the cartels these families live under. Where I skate does not change where my wheels have been.

The Superstring Mystery Theory Of Everything Essay Example For Students

The Superstring Mystery Theory Of Everything? Essay In 1979 two scientists met at The Center for Nuclear Research (CERN). Thesemens names are Michael Green and John Schwarz. John Schwarz had beenworking on the Theory of Superstrings/ Theory of Everything. Michael Greenthe younger of the two men was studying all research that he could get hishands on, and was fascinated by the Theory. John Schwarz who had been tiredof the Theory of Superstrings and the Theory of Everything in 1974 saw a newpassion and new data that would be the fuel for Michael and his ownresearch. Very few other scientists wanted to become involved in theTheories and left the Theories to the two men. Green and Schwarz found thisperfectly acceptable, because they would now be receiving all credit fortheir work. We will write a custom essay on The Superstring Mystery Theory Of Everything? specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now The Old Paradigm is that the universe is made up of protons, neutrons, andelectrons. The New Paradigm states that the universe is not made up ofprotons, neutrons, and electrons but rather tiny Superstrings that vibrateat specific frequencies. ( Like a guitar string.)Using complicated formulas such as E8 X E8 divides in two, in the Big Bangand creates two identical universes E8 and E8 shadow, this allows the theoryto explain the four forces of nature, and it even indicates a universe ofshadow matter that exists in a parallel to our own. The theory alsosuggests that our universe evolved out of a higher dimensional space duringthe first instances of the Big Bang. What this means is that during the BigBang there was an escape of particles and a whole lot of other stuff thatcreated our universe. ThisStuff that escaped from the bag was only half of the equation. Thisacting like twins, or as called earlier a parallel universe that in theoryis the same as our own. Evident resistance to the S uperstring and Theory ofEverything is the fact that the money needed to build a machine(Relativistic Klystron Two Beam Accelerator) that will be able to produceenough energy as at the beginning of creation is near impossible. The comingof a machine as the RK/TBA may present the last thinkable experiment of thissort carried out by scientists. The faith that physicists have that the goalis within reach, is only based on the beauty of their Superstrings Theories. Should the building of the RK/TBA succeed in producing the energies thescientists are intending it to, then it will be decided whether thephysicists will find; everything or nothing. The greatest impact that The Superstring Theories will have on society as awhole will be a number of things, such as; knowing that we are no longeralone in the universe and that there may be some other kind of intelligentlife that we may be able to interact with. Also, we may very well be able tocreate tiny universes of our own. How you ask, well if we can create orduplicate the amount of energy needed to create our universe than there maybe a way to create another universe using that technology. BibliographyPeat, David F. Superstrings, Search for a Theory of Everything.ContemporaryBooks Inc..Chicago.1988. Science